Son of a chief, a convert to Roman Catholicism while studying at Makerere college in Uganda, then an undergraduate for three years in Edinburgh university, Nyerere returns to Tanganyika in From the start its members feature prominently in elections to the legislative assembly.
When independence follows, in , Nyerere becomes the new nation's prime minister. In Tanganyika adopts a republican constitution and Nyerere is elected president. In Nyerere reaches an agreement with Abeid Karume , president of the offshore island of Zanzibar which has been so closely linked in its history to the mainland territory of Tanganyika. The two presidents sign an act of union, bringing their nations together as the United Republic of Tanzania.
Nyerere becomes president of the new state, with Karume as his vice-president. Nyerere, by instinct an idealistic socialist, guides his country along lines which often have a utopian touch. Local self-sufficiency is emphasized. Traditional and simple solutions are sought for local problems rather than relying on technological foreign imports. Great importance is placed on education and literacy, in which excellent results are achieved.
Nyerere declares his political creed in a document of known as the Arusha Declaration. This announces the introduction of a socialist state and is accompanied by the nationalization of key elements in the economy. With such policies Nyerere inevitably has to rely on help from the eastern bloc, and in particular China.
Nevertheless he is able to maintain his declared international stance of non-alignment. The Arusha Declaration puts agriculture at the centre of the national economy and introduces a programme of 'villagization' - meaning the moving of peasant families into cooperative villages where they can supposedly work together more productively. As elsewhere where such cooperatives have been tried in particular Mao Tse-tung's China, a source of inspiration to Nyerere , they prove both unpopular and inefficient.
When Nyerere relinquishes executive power voluntarily in a rare act in modern African history, and certainly one with no appeal to Mao , he admits that his economic policies have failed. But in his twenty-three years in office he has established an impressive reputation as an independent and free-thinking African statesman - willing to sever relations with the UK because of British acceptance of racist Rhodesia and South Africa , but also taking on the OAU as when he recognizes Biafra 's secession in When Nyerere stands down as president, in , he remains chairman of the CCM and as such retains an important voice in the formulation of general policy.
For the executive post of president the party puts forward only one candidate, Ali Hassan Mwinyi. However, by the early s there is irresistible pressure - here as elsewhere in Africa - for the introduction of multiparty democracy.
President Mwinyi promulgates a new democratic constitution in , with the stipulation that political parties will only be registered if they are active in both Tanganyika and Zanzibar and if they are not identified with specific religious, regional, tribal or racial groups.
Elections are held in The CCM just wins in Zanzibar, where opposition anger at electoral malpractice disrupts polital life for the rest of the decade. In Tanganyika the CCM candidate Benjamin Mkapa is elected president of the union, but only after all his rivals have withdrawn from the race alleging ballot-rigging. During the s very great strain is placed on an already impoverished Tanzania by the ethnic conflicts over the border in Rwanda and Burundi.
During a single hour period in as many as , Rwandan refugees stream into Tanzania. Eventually the total is , from Rwanda and , from Burundi. Many of them are still in Tanzania at the end of the decade. In Dar es Salaam a hopeful sign is the progress of an anti-corruption campaign launched by President Mkapa.
In more than civil servants are dismissed on these grounds. June The wildebeest migration slows down around the Grumeti River in the Western Corridor, concentrating here. The river here is normally a series of pools and channels, but it's not continuous — and so whilst they always represent an annual feast for the Grumeti River's large crocodiles, these aren't usually quite as spectacular as the crossings of the Mara River, further north.
Only those animals excluding predators which can stand without surface water for long periods and adapted to the poor forage remain there. The biggest and the most demanding task for the animals is when they have to cross Mara Rivers in the North. Many animals drown or get caught and eaten by the crocodiles whilst lions await them on the other side. November When the pasture has been exhausted in the North and Maasai Mara, this army of animals surges back to the now green pastures of the Serengeti North and continue to migrate South…and the cycle begins all over again….
In , Tanganyika was joined with Zanzibar and other offshore islands to become what is known as today: United Republic of Tanzania. Being a former colony of both Germany and Britain, architectural styles in Tanzania reflect Arab, German, and British influence and occupation. There is also a long rich history of slave trade and other goods that can be seen in the architectural remains and buildings of the coastal towns and Zanzibar Island The Portuguese, Arabs and Indians and Chinese were also involved in this trade.
For instance, ruins of Arab mosques as well as nineteenth-century stone houses on narrow streets can be seen in Bagamoyo, which was one of the main endpoints of the East African slave trade. There are also tombs embedded with Chinese ceramics dating to the twelfth century. Suburban dwellings include the Swahili house, a rectangular structure made of either stone with a corrugated roof or earth on a wooden frame with a thatch roof.
This type of house is found all along the coast and was strongly influenced by Indo-Persian culture during the 13th and 14th centuries. Tanzania has a harmonious national culture that is based on a subtle but strong social code of courtesy and respect with politeness, respect and modesty being virtues that highly valued in the community.
The ability to keep control of one's temper and emotions in public is highly valued, and this repression is true of mutual affection as well. Boys and men however commonly holds hands in public as a sign of friendship or comradeship.
There are more than ethnic tribes in Tanzania, the largest being the Sukuma over three million , and the Chagga, Haya, and Nyamwezi with over one million each. They are all united by the use of Kiswahili, a coastal Bantu language with Arabic influence. In his quest for his people to identify themselves as one people the first president Julius Nyerere encouraged all Tanzanians to communicate in Swahili, which facilitated trade, political debate, nationalism and information.
English is also spoken by most of the Tanzanians of post-secondary education in addition to their tribal languages. The staple food in Tanzania depends on the region that one is coming from. The people from the North West prefer plantains, those from the South West prefer Ugali and those along the coast prefer rice.
These staple carbohydrates are accompanied by a fish, beef, goat, chicken or mutton stew or fried pieces of meat, along with several types of vegetables such as beans and sukuma greens , pumpkin or sweet potatoes.
Walking along the streets especially in urban market areas, many local delicacies are sold such as fried plantains, sweet potatoes, charcoal roasted maize on the cob, pieces of dried or fried fish, mshikaki, grilled pieces of meat, samosas, and chapatis to name a few. The extended family is the basic family structure. In most cases, the man is the head of the home and usually makes all major decisions. Throughout the nation, children are raised with the strong influence of parents as well as close relatives, friends, and neighbours.
Elders are honoured and respected by the rest of the community. In rural areas especially, the role of women and girls is basically to take care of the household chores, take care of children and work in the fields. The men also work in farms, care for their livestock and make the important family decisions. However, all these roles are changing gradually with the increase in development, and increased girl child education. These divisions of labour however are not so pronounced in urban areas.
The market economy has placed significant pressure on the stability of the domestic unit and the extended family. Educated, wealthy family members are often called upon to provide resources to other family members for their education and general welfare.
Tanzania is popular for its sophisticated indigenous healing systems found in almost all Tanzanian ethnic groups. Healing can cure almost anything ranging from barrenness and infertility, as well as love matters, psychological problems, social problems such as finding a job, a lover, or even financial breakthrough to complicated chronic and infectious illnesses. Christianity and Islam are the main religions in Tanzania, although Islam is more predominant in the coastal regions.
Traditional beliefs and minority beliefs such as Hinduism and Sikhism can also be found. Nevertheless, his government approved his actions. Meanwhile, the British had taken control of the island of Zanzibar.
In Britain and Germany signed a treaty dividing the area between them. Britain took Zanzibar and Germany took mainland Tanzania.
Then in January , the German government took direct control of Tanzania. However, from the start, the Germans faced resistance in Tanzania. The first uprising was the Abushiri revolt of The people on the coast of Tanzania resented German interference and they rose in a revolt led by a man named Abushiri bin Salim al-Harth. However, the Germans eventually crushed the revolt. From to the Germans fought a war with a people called the Hehe.
Eventually, the Hehe were defeated and their leader, Mkwawa, killed himself. In came the Maji Maji rebellion. Africans were forced to work on cotton plantations and eventually, southern Tanzania rose in rebellion.
At least , people died both as a result of the fighting and as a result of starvation. Between and tonnes of dinosaur bones were discovered at Tendaguru, north of Lindi. The bones were shipped to a museum in Berlin. In came the First World War. He was a very able man. When a British force landed at Tanga in November it was defeated and fled leaving many weapons in German hands. The British invaded again in but they were unable to defeat the Germans.
However, by the Germans in Tanzania were running out of food and ammunition so they turned to guerrilla warfare. They continued to fight until Germany itself surrendered in November After the war Tanzania was handed over to the British. It was called Tanganyika. In Sir Donald Cameron became the first governor. In a legislative council met. Under British rule, Tanzania exported cash crops like cotton.
Much was grown on European owned plantations. However, some were also grown by Africans. Meanwhile, the Africans began to organize themselves.
Yet in Tanzania, the s, s, and s were fairly uneventful. However, things began to change rapidly in the s. In it was renamed the Tanzania African National Union.
The National Union participated in elections for the legislative council in and However, two-thirds of the seats were reserved for non-Africans. In that restriction was removed and in an election TANU won almost all the seats.
The move to independence was now unstoppable and Tanzania became independent on 9 December with Nyerere as prime minister.
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